Apparatus for mobile application and frequency spectrum generator

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an apparatus for mobile application, including a frequency spectrum generator for generating a frequency spectrum of radio waves at a current position of the apparatus and a classifier for classifying the frequency spectrum such that the frequency spectrum is assigned to one of at least two classes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/856,881 filed Dec. 28, 2017, which is a continuation of InternationalApplication No. PCT/EP2016/064875, filed Jun. 26, 2016, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and additionallyclaims priority from German Application No. 10 2015 213 313.3, filedJul. 15, 2015, and from German Application No. 10 2015 213 314.1, filedJul. 15, 2015, which are also incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

A first aspect of the present invention relates to an apparatus formobile application as well as a system having a tag, a method foroperating an apparatus for mobile application and a computer program forexecuting this method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Apparatuses for mobile application have the advantage that the same canbe moved or transported from one location to the next location withlittle effort. This mobility is additionally facilitated by the factthat such apparatuses are normally portable and that the same have anappropriate small size and an appropriate low weight.

Nowadays, such apparatuses for mobile application are widely used due totheir mobility advantages. Additionally, such apparatuses are frequentlyprovided with a plurality of functions in the form of hardware and/orsoftware components. Thus, apparatuses for mobile application frequentlycomprise radio modules with WLAN, Bluetooth and GPS functionality,active or passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) components aswell as many further interfaces.

Known apparatuses for mobile application are, for example, mobiledevices such as mobile phones, tablets, notebooks and the same. Otherknown apparatuses for mobile application are so-called tags, such asRFID tags and respective readers for reading out these tags. Such tagsare indicators, in particular identification indicators, for example inthe form of marks, labels, stickers and the same. These tags can beoptionally attached to different subjects in order to be able touniquely identify the subjects marked in that way.

Apparatuses for mobile application can also be provided in means oftransport, such as automobiles or other vehicles. A car radio that canreceive different radio stations at different locations is an apparatusfor mobile application, for example.

Apparatuses for mobile application have the advantage that the same canbe operated at different locations due to their simple transportability.Advantageously, these apparatuses provide all functions at all theselocations. However, at some specific locations, these apparatuses mayprovide their functions only in a limited way or possibly not at all,such as mobile radio reception of a mobile phone in an undergroundparking garage. On the other hand, a function might not be desirable ina specific situation or at a specific location despite the provision,such as a loud ring tone in a meeting.

Thus, it would be desirable to provide apparatuses for mobileapplication or to improve the same such that these apparatuses can bespecifically operated, for example in a location-specific and/orsituation-specific manner.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, an apparatus for mobile application mayhave: a frequency spectrum generator for generating a frequency spectrumof radio waves existing at a current position of the apparatus and aclassifier for classifying the frequency spectrum such that thefrequency spectrum is assigned to one of at least two classes.

According to another embodiment, a system with a tag may have: afrequency spectrum generator for generating a frequency spectrum ofradio waves existing at a current position of the tag, a memory forstoring the frequency spectrum at different generation times and a tagreader for reading out the memory of the tag and deriving positioninformation of the tag at a time at or between the generation times.

According to another embodiment, a method for operating an apparatus formobile application may have the steps of: generating a frequencyspectrum of radio waves existing at a current position of the apparatus,classifying the frequency spectrum such that the frequency spectrum isassigned to one of at least two classes.

Another embodiment may have a non-transitory digital storage mediumhaving a computer program stored thereon to perform the method foroperating an apparatus for mobile application, the method having thesteps of: generating a frequency spectrum of radio waves existing at acurrent position of the apparatus, classifying the frequency spectrumsuch that the frequency spectrum is assigned to one of at least twoclasses, when said computer program is run by a computer.

The inventive apparatus solves this object in that environmentalconditions are estimated and classified. In the inventive apparatus formobile application, the frequency spectrum generator detects at least acertain part of radio waves existing at a current position, such asradio waves of radio services or radio transmitters and/or radiointerferences that can be received at this position. Then, from thereceived and detected radio waves of different frequencies, thefrequency spectrum generator generates a frequency spectrum in which theindividual frequencies of the detected radio waves can be determined.The frequencies determined in that way can be mapped in a spectrogram.The classifier classifies this frequency spectrum, i.e. he assigns thisfrequency spectrum to a specific class. Here, the classifier classifiesthe frequency spectrum selectively into one of at least two differentclasses. Frequently, a frequency spectrum generated at a specificposition comprises one or several features characteristic for thislocation and this position, respectively, such as a signal receive levelof a frequency of a local radio station. The inventive apparatus detectsthese characteristic features in the generated frequency spectrum andthereupon the classifier classifies this frequency spectrum into aspecific class. Here, different classes can have and represent differentcharacteristics, respectively. For example, the classifier classifiesthe frequency spectrum generated at the above-mentioned specificposition into a class representing this position (e.g. a region) wherethis received regional radio station with the detected frequency isbroadcast. The classes can, for example, also be differentiated as towhether the position of the apparatus where the frequency spectrum hadbeen generated is within a building or in an open space. In other words,the inventive apparatus can, for example identify a specific positionbased on the characteristic frequency spectrum that is generated there.

The classes can possibly also represent a velocity of movement of theinventive apparatus. Additionally, the inventive apparatus can comprisea behavior characteristic for the respective class, based on thegeneration of the frequency spectrum generated at a position and theclassification into classes. It is possible that the apparatus receivesor transmits internal or external signals in dependence on the class,i.e. the apparatus can, for example, control devices, store data in amemory or read the same from a memory etc. Thus, based on a frequencyspectrum generated at a specific position, the inventive apparatus canbe operated and used in a class-specific manner, i.e. depending on theneed or situation.

The classifier can be an internal or external classifier. An internalclassifier is connected to the inventive apparatus. An internalclassifier, for example, can be incorporated and implemented in theinventive apparatus, respectively. An external classifier is configuredas a unit independent from the inventive apparatus, i.e. an externalclassifier can, for example, be incorporated and implemented in a deviceexternal to, i.e. separated from the inventive apparatus. The externalclassifier can, for example be incorporated and implemented,respectively in a reader for reading out data of the inventiveapparatus. The external classifier can, for example, also beincorporated and implemented, respectively, in a computer. An externalclassifier is not connected to the inventive apparatus, but can beconnectable to the inventive apparatus. According to the invention, theclassifier is provided for classifying the frequency spectrum,independent of whether the same is an internal or an external classifierand such that the frequency spectrum is assigned to one of at least twoclasses.

It is possible that the frequency spectrum generator is configured togenerate frequency spectra in a frequency band between 30 KHz and 30GHz, advantageously between 30 MHz and 30 GHz, more advantageouslybetween 30 MHz and 5 GHz and most advantageously between 80 MHz and 1GHz. In that way, the inventive apparatus can detect radio waves ofselected frequencies, while radio waves having frequencies outside therespective frequency band are not detected. Thus, the apparatus can beeasily and quickly adjusted to existing conditions. Above that, byspecifically selecting the frequency band, the frequencies desired forgenerating the frequency spectrum can be determined, such that thegeneration of the frequency spectrum is performed precisely and withhigh processing speed.

The frequency spectrum generator can be configured as a radio receiverhaving a tunable local oscillator or as a radio receiver having atunable receiver circuit. With such a frequency-tunable andfrequency-variable radio receiver, respectively, simple and goodreception of radio waves having different frequencies can be realized.

The frequency spectrum generator can be configured to detect thefrequency spectrum intermittently. In that way, frequency spectra can bedetected at different times, wherein the times can be selectedarbitrarily and can be adapted, for example such that the frequencyspectra are frequently detected, wherein the detection can be performedwith high accuracy, or such that the frequency spectra are detected lessfrequently, such that detection can be performed in an energy-savingmanner.

The frequency spectrum generator can be configured to serially samplethe frequency spectrum at discrete frequencies of a frequency raster. Inthat way, simple, resource-saving and fast signal processing withdiscrete values can be realized.

The order of sampling the discrete frequencies between a first and asecond sampling process can vary. For example, the sampling order can bein pairs or according to a predetermined non-linear scheme and pattern,respectively. In that way, aliasing effects when generating a frequencyspectrum can be advantageously reduced.

It is possible that the order of sampling the discrete frequencies isselected arbitrarily. In that way, the occurrence of aliasing effectswhen generating the frequency spectrum can still be advantageouslyreduced.

The classifier can perform classification based on signal levels of thefrequencies within the frequency spectrum. Based on the signal levels,the reception strength of a signal of a specific frequency can bedetermined within the generated frequency spectrum. In that way,classification can be performed simply and quickly, wherein a reactionto varying signal levels can take place quickly, for example when theposition of the apparatus is changed from open space to an interior of abuilding.

Above that, it is possible that the classifier performs classificationbased on the temporal variation of the frequencies within the frequencyspectrum. Within a specific time interval, for example at the timebetween generating two frequency spectra, the frequencies and frequencyportions, respectively, or their respective signal levels occurring inthe frequency spectra can change. Accordingly, for example, the behaviorof the inventive apparatus can be adapted. With significant changeswithin a specific time interval, for example, the frequency ofgenerating frequency spectra can be increased. If, however, only few orno changes occur in a specific time interval, the frequency ofgenerating frequency spectra can be reduced. Additionally, the velocityof the inventive apparatus can be estimated by means of the temporalvariations.

The apparatus can comprise a preselection (preset) of at least onepreviously classified frequency spectrum. A preselection of previouslyclassified frequency spectra can serve as reference for theclassification of subsequently generated frequency spectra. When thepreviously classified frequency spectra have been generated under verygood conditions, i.e. without significant interferences, the same canhave high quality. The apparatus can, for example, comprise apreselection of different frequency spectra that comprise characteristicfeatures for specific positions, such as a clear receive level of afrequency of a local radio station.

It is possible that the apparatus is configured to compare a frequencyspectrum generated at a position of the apparatus with the at least onepreviously classified frequency spectrum. Such a preselection ofpreviously classified frequency spectra is stored in a memory of theapparatus. In that way, a frequency spectrum generated at a specificposition can be compared to the preselection of previously classifiedfrequency spectra stored in the memory. When the generated frequencyspectrum matches the previously classified frequency spectrum stored inthe memory, the generated frequency spectrum is classified into exactlythis class. Matching a frequency spectrum generated at a specific timeand a specific position, respectively, with a preselection of previouslyclassified frequency spectra accelerates and eases the assignment of thegenerated frequency spectrum to a specific class to be performed by theclassifier. A preselection of a previously classified frequency spectrumcan, for example include different signal levels of a specific radiostation, wherein the signal levels decrease in dependence on thedistance of the receiver from the radio station. Such a preselectionincludes the distance from the radio station belonging to a specificsignal level. As soon as the inventive apparatus generates a frequencyspectrum including one of the previously classified signal levels of theradio station, the frequency spectrum generator detects this by acomparison with the above-mentioned preselection and classifies thisfrequency spectrum, when the same matches with a previously classifiedfrequency spectrum, into exactly this class.

A class determined by the classifier can represent a position of theapparatus and the apparatus can have an interface for displaying thisposition. In that way, it can be displayed to a user into what class aspecific frequency spectrum has been classified and what position thiscorresponds to. Interaction with a user can also be possible.

Possibly, the apparatus can comprise a user interface that is configuredto display a frequency spectrum generated at a position of the mobiledevice to a user. Thus, the user has the option of looking at agenerated frequency spectrum. This can be the frequency spectrumgenerated currently at the current position. It can also be a frequencyspectrum that had been generated at an earlier time and/or at anotherposition and had been stored in a memory of the apparatus. In that way auser can look at a current frequency spectrum or at one generated at anearlier time. For this, the representation of the generated frequencyspectrum in a spectrogram is well-suited.

Further, the apparatus can comprise a user interface that is configuredto classify a frequency spectrum based on an input of a user. In thatway, the user can, for example, perform specific classifications suchthat he assigns a currently generated frequency spectrum or a frequencyspectrum possibly recorded at an earlier time to a class, such as aspecific position. Additionally, the user can change and overwrite,respectively, a classification already performed by the classifier. Theuser can, for example, classify a frequency spectrum generated at homeas class “homezone”. In the class “homezone”, the apparatus can performdifferent actions or can have different settings. These settings can belinked to the class “homezone”. When this frequency spectrum isgenerated again, for example when the user, after leaving, re-enters his“homezone” again with the apparatus, the apparatus recognizes this newlygenerated frequency spectrum again as class “homezone”. Then, theapparatus can restore the previous settings, e. g. operating states. Inother words, the user selects a current frequency spectrum or afrequency spectrum generated at an earlier time, for example in the formof a spectrogram. The user can control the classifier via the userinterface, and can classify the selected frequency spectrum. Thus, theapparatus is trained by the user at different positions. Alternatively,the existing radio and localization services are involved for increasingthe location accuracy. Such self-learning methods can successivelyrefine the classification.

It is possible that the apparatus comprises a calculator for calculatinga velocity of movement of the apparatus based on the strength of thefrequency spectrum at at least one existing frequency at subsequentdetection times. Pulsing spectral lines of a fixed frequency (e.g. inthe TETRA-BOS radio system 380 MHz-395 MHz which is well-developed inGermany) can, for example be used for estimating the velocity in theurban area where reflecting or absorbing objects (houses, lamps, trafficlights, trucks, containers, etc.) exist. By partially deleting arrivingand reflected radio waves at a frequency f_(RX) in multipath fading, thevelocity of the inventive apparatus can be estimated starting from thetime period Δt between two adjacent minima. In that case, theclassification of the respectively generated frequency spectrum can bemade as “in motion” or “not in motion”. However, the classifier can alsoclassify the frequency spectra into velocity classes representingdifferent velocities of movement of the apparatus.

The apparatus can comprise an interface, in particular a wirelessinterface for connecting and communicating with an external device. Viathat interface, the apparatus can exchange information, such asinformation on classified or non-classified frequency spectra with adevice, such as a reader.

Alternatively or additionally, the apparatus can comprise an interfacefor connecting and communicating with a mobile device having at leastone component operable in a first and in a second operating state,wherein the apparatus is configured to control the mobile device suchthat the at least one component is operated selectively in the first orin the second operating state depending on the assigned class. In thatway, the at least one component in the mobile device can be placed in aselected operating state, depending on the respective class, i.e. forexample depending on the need and/or environment. The at least onecomponent can, for example, be placed in a sleep mode with lower energyconsumption, or the at least one component can be switched on or offwhen the same is not used or should not be usable, such as a mobileradio service and a mobile radio modem, respectively, in an undergroundparking garage where no or only insufficient mobile radio signals can bereceived.

It is possible that the at least one component is an energy-operatedmember having a higher energy consumption in the first operating statethan in the second operating state. In that way, the operating state ofthe at least one component can be controlled according to theenvironment and/or need. For example, the power of a WLAN module of amobile device in a basement room can be reduced when no or onlyinsufficient WLAN signals can be received.

It is possible that the energy-operated member is deactivated in thesecond operating state. In that way, for example, the operating state ofa WLAN module can be controlled such that the same is deactivated at aposition having poor or no WLAN network coverage.

It is possible that the at least one component is a service providing afunction of the mobile device and the service is active in the firstoperating state and inactive in the second operating state. Such aservice is a functionality provided by the mobile device. The servicecan, for example be a radio service, a software implemented control of amember, such as a display, a specific user profile, a ring tone and thesame. Depending on the assigned class, these services can be operated ina first or second operating state. In that way, the inventive apparatuscan control, for example, a mobile phone such that in a cinema hallservices like GPS reception are deactivated, the display brightness isreduced and the ring tone profiles are muted.

The mobile device can be a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, anotebook or the same. Currently, such mobile devices are easilyaccessible and easy to operate for users. Thus, these mobile devices areparticularly well suited for the usage of the inventive apparatus formobile application.

Further, a system is suggested comprising a tag having a frequencyspectrum generator for generating a frequency spectrum of radio wavesexisting at the current position of the apparatus, a memory for storingthe frequency spectrum at different generation times and a tag readerfor reading out the memory of the tag and deriving position informationof the tag at a time at or between the generation times. Such a tag candetect the radio waves existing at the respective position at differenttimes and can generate a frequency spectrum comprising the respectivefrequencies. These frequency spectra can be stored. The memory can beread out by an external reader. Normally, the frequency spectragenerated at different times comprise one or several characteristicfeatures prevailing at the respective generation time at this position.In that way, for example, the position of the tag at the generation timeof the respective frequency spectrum can be determined based on theevaluation of these generated frequency spectra. However, from suchposition information, a velocity of movement of the tags can be derived,for example by evaluating the time course of several subsequentlygenerated frequency spectra. Wth an inventive system, the history of atag as well as of a previously discussed inventive apparatus for mobileapplication can be determined in that the frequency spectra generated atdifferent times and/or at different positions are read out from thememory.

Further, a method for operating an apparatus for mobile application issuggested, the method comprising: generating a frequency spectrum ofradio waves existing at the current position of the apparatus,classifying the frequency spectrum such that the frequency spectrum isassigned to one of at least two classes. With this method, theabove-stated advantages result and the object underlying the inventionis solved by this method.

Further, for solving the problem underlying the invention, a computerprogram having a program code for performing the inventive method issuggested.

Advantageously, the apparatus comprises a user interface for setting theoperating states of the components in the mobile device. Via thisinterface, the user can interact with the apparatus such that he can, atfirst, select a frequency spectrum. Then, the user can select operatingstates of the components of the mobile device and can assign theseoperating states to the generated frequency spectrum. According to this,a specific operating state of a component in the mobile device can beassigned to each frequency spectrum. The operating states can also bepreset by the manufacturer.

A preselection of previously classified frequency spectra andrespectively allocated operating states is also referred to asspectrogram fingerprint. Thus, based on known stored spectrogramfingerprints it is possible to securely detect specific locations, suchas the apartment, the office, stations, airports, etc., which can againbe used for switching the respective components of the mobile deviceinto the suitable operating state.

The number of previously classified frequency spectra included in apreselection (preset) can be determined by the manufacturer and/ordetermined or extended by a user. The degree of matching of a currentfrequency spectrum with a previously classified frequency spectrum canbe adjusted and can range from a match of 50% to 100%. Reliableclassifications are obtained with a match of 75% and more.

The apparatus can be configured to assign different frequency spectra todifferent positions. These positions can again be arranged with relativedistances to one another and can be plotted on a map. In that way, theapproximate position can be determined based on these data, and when thesame frequency spectrum is detected again, respectively. It is alsopossible that the apparatus is configured to store a frequency spectrumgenerated at a specific position together with geo data, such as GPScoordinates of this position.

The amount of data of a spectrogram, i.e. the number of samples timesthe number of discrete frequencies of a detected frequency spectrum isless than 10000 and advantageously less than 1000. Thus, the inventiveapparatus is configured such that N is the number of discretefrequencies in the frequency spectrum, wherein M is the number ofsamples at the discrete frequencies, such that N*M<10000 andadvantageously N*M<1000 results. Due to the low amount of data (e.g.<10000 bits and <1000 bits) the spectrograms can be evaluated in apower-saving mode by simple algorithms without needing complexarithmetic units as in digital signal processors.

A second aspect of the present invention relates to a frequency spectrumgenerator. This frequency spectrum generator of the second aspect of theinvention can be used, for example, in the apparatus according to thefirst aspect of the invention.

Currently, modern communication systems and in particular mobilecommunication means are configured for wireless data transmission. Forefficient data transmission, the signals are upmixed on the transmitterside in order to transmit the same to a receiver via higher carrierfrequencies. The receiver downmixes the received signals again in orderto obtain the actual useful signal.

DE 10 2010 027 019 A1 discloses a receiver arrangement with an analogreceiver and a downstream digital evaluation apparatus. The analogreceiver comprises an RF amplifier, a mixer connected to a free-runninglocal oscillator, an IF low-pass, and IF amplifier and an amplitudemodulator. The receiver arrangement is based on a radio receiveroperated in a sampling manner sampling the radio channel in intervals ata fixed receive frequency. Additionally, the analog receiver can beoperated in two phases, wherein in the first phase the sampling rate islower than in the second phase. Thereby, in the first phase, the knownreceiver arrangement operates with less power consumption than in thesecond phase.

However, nowadays, frequency band occupancies are frequently very high.For analyzing the bands occupied in a frequency band, portions offrequency bands of a desired width can be scanned. The frequencyportions of existing, i.e., detected signals can be illustrated in afrequency spectrum. Known radio scanners used for this, however, have avery high current consumption of 200 mA or more. Thus, battery operationof such devices is only possible to a very limited extent.

It is desirable to provide receivers that allow sampling of a radiochannel at variable receive frequencies that can still be operated in apower-saving manner. In other words, it is desirable to provide apower-saving receiver for detecting frequency band occupancy in order togenerate, for example, a frequency spectrum of a received radio signal.

One option for such a receiver is the super regenerative receiverarchitecture known from EP 2 695 307 B1 that provides a digital valuefrom an arriving antenna signal as receive level. Based on the usedactive, among other, digital members, this receiver architecture cannotbe implemented in a power-saving manner to the desired extent.

So far, no electronic circuit below 100 μA current consumption is knownthat can be used for fast detection of frequency band occupancy, forexample, in the UHF range. However, this is desirable, for example, forrealizing mobile cognitive radio systems. However, so far, there is nopower-saving solution for spectral detection. Solutions known so farhave current consumptions of 200 mA. Wth that, battery-operatedsolutions are hardly possible. Apart from the power-savingimplementation, a fast as well as continuous repetitive detection of theband occupancy is desirable.

Additionally, undesired mirror-frequency portions occur in theabove-mentioned downmixing. In addition to fast power-saving detectionof a spectrum, retuning of a mirror-frequency filter is desirable inorder to filter out undesired mirror-frequency portions. However, thisis not done in known Sub-1 GHz radio receivers in order to implement aradio scanner since rigid SAW bandfilters are assumed.

According to an embodiment, a frequency spectrum generator may have: atunable local oscillator for outputting a local oscillator signal, adownmixer for downmixing a received antenna signal with the localoscillator signal for obtaining a downmixed signal, a filter forfiltering out a mirror-frequency portion of the antenna signal in thedownmixed signal, a signal level detector for detecting a signal levelof the downmixed signal at an intermediate frequency, and a control forsequential control of the local oscillator and the signal level detectorfor sampling a frequency spectrum of the antenna signal at a sequence ofsampling frequencies.

According to another embodiment, a frequency spectrum generator mayhave: a tunable local oscillator for outputting a local oscillatorsignal, a downmixer for downmixing a received antenna signal with thelocal oscillator signal for obtaining a downmixed signal, and a signallevel detector for detecting a signal level of the downmixed signal atan intermediate frequency; and a control for sequentially controllingthe local oscillator and the signal level detector to sample a frequencyspectrum of the antenna signal at a sequence of sampling frequencies,wherein the ratio of switch-on period T_(ON) for a sampling process tosampling period T_(A) is selected such that the average total currentconsumption

$I_{AVG} = {\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{A}} \cdot I_{ON}}$

is less than or equal to 100 μA, wherein I_(ON) designates the currentconsumption in an active state during sampling.

The inventive frequency spectrum generator operates in a power-savingmanner, since merely simple circuit components are used, wherein thefrequency spectrum generator is sequentially controlled to sample thefrequency spectrum. This means there are times when the frequencyspectrum generator is active as well as times when the frequencyspectrum generator is inactive. The simultaneous fast detection andevaluation of receive spectra with at the same time low currentconsumption enables that an operation, for example with coin cells ispossible for years and the operating period with already availableenergy storage is hardly reduced, respectively. Additionally, theinventive frequency spectrum generator has the advantage that undesiredmirror-frequency portions changing in dependence on the samplingfrequency can be filtered out. This is obtained, among others, byskillful selection of the local oscillator frequency.

The control can be configured to change the frequency of the localoscillator signal at a respective sampling frequency such that therespective mirror-frequency portion lies below and above, respectively,the frequency range of the sampled frequency spectrum. Here, theselection of the local oscillator frequency determines the position ofthe mirror-frequency portion. With this embodiment, it is suggested toselect the frequency of the local oscillator signal such that at onesampling frequency the mirror-frequency portion lies below or above theentire frequency spectrum. Thus, the mirror-frequency portions do notoccur at all or not in a relevant manner in the receiver, i.e., on theintermediate frequency side. At the same time, this relaxes the demandon the characteristic of the filter as regards to suppressing themirror-frequency portion.

In one embodiment, the control is configured to operate the localoscillator in two operating modes, wherein the local oscillator iscontrolled in a first operating mode such that the frequency of thelocal oscillator signal lies above the respective sampling frequency,and wherein the local oscillator is controlled in a second operatingmode such that the frequency of the local oscillator signal lies belowthe respective sampling frequency. In other words, the local oscillatoris configured such that a so-called high-side injection or a so-calledlow-side injection can be performed. During high-side injection, thefrequency of the local oscillator signal is selected such that the samelies above the respective receive and sampling frequency, respectively.In contrary to that, during low-side injection, the frequency of thelocal oscillator is selected such that the same lies below therespective receive and sampling frequency, respectively. Since, asmentioned above, the selection of the frequency of the local oscillatorsignal determines the location of the mirror-frequency portions at therespective sampling frequency, the selection of the operating mode,i.e., the selection between high-side injection and low-side injectionhas respective effects on the location of the mirror-frequency portionthat is shifted accordingly either towards higher or towards lowerfrequencies.

The control can be configured to switch between the two operating modesduring the process of sampling the frequency spectrum of an antennasignal. In other words, the inventive frequency spectrum generator isable to switch between high-side injection and low-side injection duringoperation, i.e., during a frequency sweep. This is advantageous in thatthe location of the mirror-frequency portion can be placed skillfullyoutside the desired frequencies and, in particular, outside thefrequency band of the antenna signal to be sampled.

In one embodiment, the control is configured to switch between the twooperating modes exactly when downmixing of the antenna signal with thelocal oscillator signal would result in a mirror-frequency portion thatlies within the frequency spectrum to be sampled. Thus, if it isdetermined during operation that, for example, an upcoming samplingprocess in a high-side injection mode would result in a mirror-frequencyportion lying within the frequency band of the antenna signal to besampled, switching to low-side injection is performed, such that thestated upcoming sampling process would then result in a mirror-frequencyportion that lies outside, more accurately below the frequency band ofthe antenna signal to be sampled.

In one embodiment, the filter comprises a filter control for changingthe filter characteristic, and the filter control is configured tochange the filter characteristic in dependence on the selected frequencyof the local oscillator signal. In that way, the filter characteristiccan be changed in dependence on the selected frequency of the localoscillator signal in order to realize either a high pass, a low-pass orband pass characteristic having desired pass and block frequency.

Here, the filter control can be configured to change the filtercharacteristic of the filter such that the mirror-frequency portion isfiltered out from the antenna signal at the respective samplingfrequency. As already mentioned before, the frequency of the localoscillator signal determines the location of the mirror-frequencyportion. With the suggested embodiment, the filter can be tuned suchthat the respective mirror-frequency portion of different samplingfrequencies is filtered out. Thus, the filter and the filter control,respectively, operate adaptively in reaction to the respectivelyselected frequency of the local oscillator signal, i.e., the respectiveposition of the mirror-frequency portion. In other words, a tunablemirror-frequency filter is provided which can filter outmirror-frequency portions of different frequencies from the antennasignal. This mirror-frequency filter can be retuned easily to anadjustment of the local oscillator frequency and can be adapted to thecurrent local oscillator frequency, respectively.

In a further embodiment, a frequency spectrum generator having thefeatures of claim 65 is suggested. This frequency spectrum generatorcomprises, among others, a control for sequentially controlling thelocal oscillator signal and the mirror level detector in order to samplea frequency spectrum of the antenna signal at a sequence of samplefrequencies, wherein the ratio of switch-on period T_(ON) for a samplingprocess to sampling period T_(A) is selected such that the average totalcurrent consumption

$I_{AVG} = {\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{A}} \cdot I_{ON}}$

is less than or equal to 100 μA, wherein I_(ON) designates the currentconsumption in an active state during sampling. Accordingly, anextremely power-saving frequency spectrum generator is suggestedenabling operation, for example with coin cells, for years, and theoperating duration with already available energy storages being hardlyreduced, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequentlyreferring to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an inventive apparatus for mobileapplication,

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an inventive method for operating anapparatus for mobile application,

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an inventive apparatus connected to amobile device,

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an inventive system having a tag, a memoryand a tag reader,

FIG. 5 is an example for a continuous frequency spectrum generated withthe inventive apparatus,

FIG. 6 is a discretized frequency spectrum based on the example of afrequency spectrum characteristic for an open space,

FIG. 7 is a discretized frequency spectrum based on the example of afrequency spectrum characteristic for an interior room,

FIG. 8 is a discretized frequency spectrum based on the example of afrequency spectrum characteristic for a top floor,

FIG. 9 is a discretized frequency spectrum based on the example of afrequency spectrum characteristic for an underground parking garage,

FIG. 10 is a discretized frequency spectrum for the example of afrequency spectrum characteristic for a vehicle interior,

FIG. 11 is a schematic overview of an inventive apparatus,

FIG. 12 is a frequency spectrum recorded during a movement of theinventive apparatus,

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an inventive systemcomprising a tag, a memory and an interface to a tag reader,

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of an inventive frequency spectrumgenerator,

FIG. 15 is an embodiment of a frequency spectrum generator,

FIG. 16 is an image of an HF spectrum to be sampled by the frequencyspectrum generator,

FIG. 17 is an image of a quantized frequency spectrum with discretefrequency values,

FIG. 18 is a frequency diagram for illustrating mirror frequencies,

FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an inventive frequency spectrumgenerator,

FIG. 20A is a table for illustrating sample values according to anorder,

FIG. 20B is a table for illustrating sample values according to anarbitrary order,

FIG. 20C is a table for illustrating sample values according to analternating order of two sample frequencies of interest,

FIG. 21 is an overview of statistical evaluations of individualdiscretized frequency spectrograms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows an inventive apparatus 1101 for mobile application. Theapparatus 1101 comprises a frequency spectrum generator 1102 and aclassifier 1103.

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 is configured to receive the radiowaves and at least part of the radio waves existing at a currentposition of the apparatus 1101, respectively.

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 detects the respective frequenciesand frequency portions, respectively, of the received radio waves andgenerates a frequency spectrum therefrom, wherein at least one of thesefrequencies and at least one of the frequency portions, respectively,exists. Thus, the frequency spectrum generator 1102 generates aposition-specific frequency spectrum comprising the frequencies ofsignals received there.

The classifier 1103 classifies the generated frequency spectrum. Forthis, the classifier 1103 analyzes the frequency spectrum as regards tothe signal characteristic, for example as regards to reception of radiowaves of specific frequencies and/or specific signal strength. In otherwords, the classifier 1103 is configured to analyze a generatedfrequency spectrum according to whether, and possibly at what intensity,specific frequencies occur in this generated frequency spectrum.

The classifier 1103 classifies a generated frequency spectrum into oneof at least two different classes 1106, 1107. The classification, i.e.,the classification and allocation of a frequency spectrum into aspecific class 1106, 1107 is performed in dependence on theabove-described analyzed signal characteristic.

FIG. 2 shows the inventive method for operating an apparatus 1101 formobile application. First, in block 1201, the radio waves existing at aposition and at least part of the radio waves existing there,respectively, are received.

According to block 1202, a frequency spectrum is generated therefrom.This frequency spectrum includes at least one of the frequencies of thereceived radio waves.

The frequency spectrum is classified in block 1203. The embodiment inFIG. 2 comprises two classes A and B. In path 1204, the frequencyspectrum is classified into class A. Thus, according to block 1206, inthat case, assignment of the generated frequency spectrum to class Atakes place.

In path 1205, the frequency spectrum is classified into class B. Thus,according to block 1207, in that case, assignment of the generatedfrequency spectrum to class B takes place.

FIG. 3 shows a mobile device 1309 with an inventive apparatus 1301 formobile application. The apparatus 1301 is connected to the mobile device1309 via an interface 1308. The mobile device 1309 comprises at leastone component 1310. The component 1310 can be operated in a first and asecond operating state. The inventive apparatus 1301 is configured tocontrol the at least one component 1310 and to control the mobile device1309, respectively, which again controls the component 1310.

The apparatus 1301 comprises a frequency spectrum generator 1302corresponding essentially to the frequency spectrum generator 1102described with reference to FIG. 1 as regards to structure and function.

Further, the apparatus 1301 comprises a classifier 1303 which alsocorresponds essentially to the classifier 1103 described above withreference to FIG. 1. The classifier 1303 is configured to classify agenerated frequency spectrum, wherein the classifier 1303 classifies thefrequency spectrum into one of the two classes A 1306 or B 1307.

Depending on what class 1306, 1307 the classifier 1303 has classifiedthe frequency spectrum into, the apparatus 1301 controls the mobiledevice 1309 such that the component 1310 is operated in the first or inthe second operating state.

FIG. 4 shows an inventive system 1400 with a tag 1401. The tag 1401comprises a frequency spectrum generator 1402 essentially correspondingto the frequency spectrum generator 1102 described above with referenceto FIG. 1 as regards to structure and function.

The system 1400 comprises a memory 1404 for storing a frequencyspectrum. The memory 1404 can store several frequency spectra generatedat different generation times.

The system 1400 comprises a tag reader 1405, also called tag readingdevice. The tag reader 1405 is configured to read out the tag 1401 andthe memory 1404 of the tag 1401, respectively.

Further, the tag reader 1405 is configured to derive positioninformation of the tag 1401 at a time at or between the generation timesof a frequency spectrum. For this, the tag reader 1405 analyses thegenerated frequency spectrum/spectra read out from the memory based onthe signal characteristic, for example, based on a reception of radiowaves of specific frequencies and/or with specific signal strength. Inother words, the tag reader 1405 examines a generated frequency spectrumwith regard to whether and possibly at what intensity certainfrequencies have occurred in this generated frequency spectrum at thetime of generation.

The tag reader 1405 can derive the position information from theindividual frequency spectra, i.e., position information can beallocated to each frequency spectrum generated at a specific time. Thetag reader 1405 can derive position information also from a time periodlying between two generation times. In this case, such positioninformation can also include estimation of the velocity by which the tag1401 has moved between two considered generation times.

The tag 1401 is portable and for the application the same can beattached to subjects, e.g., for identifying those subjects. A tag 1401is an apparatus for mobile application.

According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the tag reader 1401is configured within the system 1401 as a unit separate from the tag1401. The tag reader 1405 can include a classifier for classifying thedata read out from the memory 1404 of the tag into different classes.Such a classifier would be an external classifier as described above.

The tag reader 1405 is connected to the tag 1401 via an interface 1406.The interface 1406 can be a wireless interface. The tag reader 1405 cancommunicate with tag 1401 via the interface 1406, i.e., data such asdata relating to the frequency spectra stored in the memory 1401 can beexchanged between tag 1401 and tag reader 1405 via the interface 1406 ina unidirectional or bidirectional manner.

The tag reader 1405 can comprise a display apparatus 1407. Readout data,among others the generated and stored frequency spectra can be displayedto the user via this display apparatus 1407.

In the following, the mode of operation will be discussed in more detailbased on some examples illustrated in FIGS. 5 to 13.

FIG. 5 shows exemplarily a diagram 1050 of a continuous frequencyspectrum as it can be generated with a frequency spectrum generator1102. For this, the frequency spectrum generator 1102 is configured,among others, as broadband radio receiver, e.g., as a radio scanner. Afrequency band having frequencies from 300 MHz to 1000 MHz is plotted onthe abscissa 1051 of the diagram 1050. Signal levels of 0 to 90 dBμV areplotted exemplarily on the ordinate 1052.

For generating the continuous frequency spectrum, at least one frequencysweep 1058 is performed, wherein a scan of radio waves and radio signalswithin the frequency band (here 300 MHz to 1000 MHz) existing at thecurrent position of the inventive apparatus 1101 is performed. Thefrequency sweep 1058 is performed from low to high frequencies,illustrated by the directional arrows 1057.

Detecting the frequency spectrum of actually existing radio waves can beperformed continuously, wherein the frequency spectrum generator 1102working as radio scanner scans the position of the apparatus 1101 eithercontinuously or intermittently for radio waves. In the latter case, thefrequency spectrum generator 1102 scans the frequency spectrum severaltimes in specific temporal intervals which can vary.

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 configured as radio scanner is avery energy-efficient radio scanner. The frequency spectrum generator1102 can, for example, be configured as a sampling superheterodynereceiver with a tunable local oscillator for performing a frequencysweep.

The switch-on period of the frequency spectrum generator 1102 is somemagnitudes shorter than the sampling period. The switch-on period can,for example, be approximately 100 ns and sampling period can beapproximately 100 μs. With an ON current of 10 mA, an average samplingreceiver current consumption of 10 μA results, calculated from ONcurrent times switch-on period divided by sampling period

$\left( {\frac{10\mspace{14mu} {{mA} \cdot 100}\mspace{14mu} {ns}}{100\mspace{14mu} {\mu s}} = {10\mspace{14mu} {\mu A}}} \right).$

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 configured as radio scanner canalso be configured as a super-regenerative receiver with tunablereceiver oscillating circuit for performing a frequency sweep. Such afrequency spectrum generator 1102 and radio receiver, respectively, canoperate with current consumptions below 400 μA.

When needed, the frequency spectrum generator 1102 configured as radioscanner offers a high update rate, e.g., every 10 ms (up to 100times/second). Here, the update rate can be selected variably.

Apart from the storage of raw data, the frequency spectrum generator1102 configured as radio scanner enables also the storage ofstatistically processed data with greater memory length (e.g., 10seconds, 10 minutes or 1 hour).

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 1102 is configured todiscretize and quantize the continuous frequency spectrum illustrated inFIG. 5. FIG. 6 shows exemplarily a discretized frequency spectrumillustrated in a spectrogram 1060. For discretization, a continuousfrequency spectrum, as discussed with reference to FIG. 5, is detectedintermittently or continuously and quantized with a specific frequencyraster and a specific amplitude resolution and in that way mapped by afinite number of points, e.g., in a discretized spectrogram 60illustrated in FIG. 6. The bandwidth per frequency point can be designedvariably.

FIGS. 6 to 10 show different discretized frequency spectra, illustratedin one spectrogram each within a frequency band between 300 MHz and 1100MHz. The values of the discrete frequencies are plotted on the abscissaof the respective spectrogram. The values of the amplitude and thesignal levels, respectively, are plotted on the ordinate of therespective spectrogram, exemplarily in a range from 1 to 6.

The inventive apparatus 1101 classifies each of the frequency spectradiscussed exemplarily in FIGS. 6 to 10 into a specific class. In thepresent embodiment, on a semantic level, a class is a specific position,in the following also called a scenario.

The spectrogram 1060 shown in FIG. 6 shows a frequency spectrum with adistribution of discrete frequencies as it can be characteristic for anopen outdoor space.

The spectrogram illustrated in FIG. 7 shows a frequency spectrum with adistribution of discrete frequencies as it can be characteristic for theinterior of a building.

The classifier 1103 of the apparatus 1101 classifies the frequencyspectrum illustrated in FIG. 6 into the class “outdoor” and thefrequency spectrum illustrated in FIG. 7 into the class “indoor”.

If the inventive apparatus 1101 changes its position, for example fromoutdoor to the interior of a building, this will normally also changethe measured frequency spectrum accordingly. In this case, it isexpected that the levels generally become smaller. Individual levels,such as WLAN, can also become greater.

Still with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, these changes of levels of thediscrete frequencies are to be illustrated. Outdoors, according to FIG.6A, a discrete frequency 1010 having a value of approximately 930 MHz aswell as a discrete frequency 1011 having a value of approximately 950MHz both have a signal level of 5 on the ordinate 1061. Indoors,according to FIG. 7, the respective levels of the discrete frequencies1010, 1011 fall by an entire unit, i.e., a drop by an entire unit, i.e.,to a value of 4.

Outdoors, according to FIG. 6, a discrete frequency 1012 having a valueof approximately 900 MHz comprises a signal level of 2 on the ordinate.Indoors, according to FIG. 7, the level of the discrete frequency 1012drops by two units, i.e., to a value of 0.

Outdoors, according to FIG. 6, a discrete frequency 1013 with a value ofapproximately 630 MHz comprises a signal level of 1 on the ordinate1061. Indoors, according to FIG. 7, this level of the discrete frequency1013 remains unchanged.

Outdoors, according to FIG. 6, a discrete frequency 1014 with a value ofapproximately 870 MHz comprises a signal level of 0 on the ordinate1061. Indoors, according to FIG. 7, the level of the discrete frequency1014 increases by two units, i.e., to a value of 2.

FIG. 8 shows a further spectrogram 1080 of a generated frequencyspectrum which can be characteristic for higher locations, such as on ahigher floor, on a top floor or in the attic of a building. Theclassifier 1103 of the apparatus 1101 classifies this frequencyspectrum, for example, into class “roof”. Due to the generally morefavorable reception situation at such higher positions, the respectivelevels of the discrete frequencies in FIG. 8 are to a large part higherthan the levels figured or imaged in FIG. 6, which indicate a lower openspace.

FIG. 9 shows a further spectrogram of a frequency spectrum which can becharacteristic for positions with bad network coverage, such as abasement room or an underground parking garage of a building. Theclassifier 1103 of the apparatus 1101 classifies this frequencyspectrum, for example, into the class “underground parking garage”. Therespective levels of the discrete frequencies in FIG. 9 are to a largepart lower than the levels shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, which indicatebetter reception situations.

In specific environments, characteristic interferers can be used forclassifying the frequency spectra. FIG. 10 shows, exemplarily, afrequency spectrum in a spectrogram 1000, which can be characteristicfor a high-speed train. Characteristic interferences occurring hereincan be used, apart from the time course of the spectrum, to classifysuch environments. Characteristic interferers that can be characteristicfor a stay on a train are, for example, the peaks of the discretefrequencies in the range between 300 MHz and 500 MHz occurring in thespectrogram 1000 shown in FIG. 10. The classifier 1103 of the apparatus1101 classifies this frequency spectrum, for example into the class“train”.

As shown in FIGS. 6 to 10, the frequency raster can be equidistant. Forthe purpose of the inventive method, the frequency raster does not haveto be equidistant. The same can be fragmentary and does not have to besweeped in a continuous or linear manner but can also be sweepedarbitrarily.

The order of sampling the discrete frequencies 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013,1014 between a first and second sampling process can vary, i.e.,sampling does not have to be performed linearly from low to highfrequencies or vice versa. Sampling can be performed, for example,within the frequency band from the outside to the inside, i.e., startingfrom the left and right limits of the frequency band in equidistant orvarying steps towards the inside to an average value of the frequencyband. Sampling can also be performed in reverse order, i.e., from theinside to the outside. As already mentioned, the sampling order can alsobe selected arbitrarily. Such non-linear and non-equidistant samplingorders are advantageous in that aliasing effects when obtaining aspectrogram can be suppressed.

The classification of the detected frequency spectra into the respectiveclasses and the classification into different scenarios in connectiontherewith can be performed differently. In one embodiment, theclassifier 1103 performs classification based on the signal levels and asimple level threshold. As mentioned with reference to FIGS. 6 to 10,each discrete frequency has a specific level value between 0 and 6. If,for example, a level threshold of 1.50 is fixed for the above-mentioneddiscrete frequencies 1010, 1011, 1012, the levels of the discretefrequencies 1010, 1011, 1012 exceed this threshold in the spectrogram1060 shown in FIG. 6. Accordingly, the classifier 1103 can classify thisfrequency spectrum into the class, e.g., “outdoor”.

In FIG. 9, however, the levels of the discrete frequencies 1010, 1011,1012 fall below the above defined threshold of 1.50. Accordingly, theclassifier 1103 can classify this frequency spectrum into the class,e.g., “underground parking garage”.

It would also be possible to use accumulated levels for theclassification into different classes. Thus, it can, for example, bedetermined that a frequency spectrum is assigned to a specific classwhen a selection of a specific number of discrete frequencies hasreached or exceeded a defined receive level, e.g., when at least 20 of50 frequency points have a defined receive level of at least −50 dBm.

However, also a level threshold for firmly defined frequencies can beused for classification. That way, it can be determined, for example,that a frequency spectrum is assigned to a specific class when a receivelevel threshold of a specific radio station for radio and television, ofspecific BOS radio services, private mobile radio services, aircraftradio or the same is reached or fallen below or exceeded.

Minimum, maximum, average values over a defined time period aresuitable, for example, for energy-saving statistic processing. Thevariance of the average value is also suitable for data processing. Bystoring the statistically processed values (and possibly individualfrequency values of interest) instead of all measured frequency points,the data amount to be stored can be reduced significantly, i.e., byseveral magnitudes.

FIG. 11 shows in summary the structure as well as the function of theinventive apparatus and the inventive method, respectively.

A frequency spectrum generator 1102 configured as radio scanner scans orsearches for a current position of existing radio waves. In other words,within a limited environment and within a predetermined frequency band,the frequency spectrum generator 1102 scans the position for respectiveradio waves in order to detect the presence of radio services as shownin step 1089.

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 can use an antenna 1091 for this.The antenna 1091 can be connected to the frequency spectrum generator1102. If the inventive apparatus is connected to a mobile device, thefrequency spectrum generator 1102 can use the antenna 1091 incorporatedin the mobile device.

Wth the help of the antenna 1091, the frequency spectrum generator 1102scans a predetermined frequency band continuously or intermittently inorder to detect the presence of radio waves existing at the currentposition. Thus, the presence of radio services 1089 existing at thisposition is detected. That way, the frequency spectrum generator 1102scans, for example, for specific radio signals 1092, TV radio signals1093, administrative radio signals (BOS/PMR) 1094, satellite radiosignals (SAT) 1095, mobile radio signals 1096, radio signals in ISMbands 1097 such as radio thermometer, signals of characteristicinterferers 1098, such as on a train, WLAN or Bluetooth 1099, as well asfor possible further existing radio signals of other frequencies 1090.

The frequency spectrum generator 1102 can generate several subsequentfrequency spectra to continuously or intermittently. When frequencyspectra are generated intermittently, the same are generated in specifictime intervals. The frequency spectra 1050 that are measured andgenerated, respectively, intermittently or continuously, which can bemapped, for example, in the form of discretized frequencies inspectrograms 1060, are evaluated as regards to the presence of radioservices and characteristic interferers, e.g., based on the levelstrength of a specific detected frequency.

First, the frequency spectrum generator 1102 generates a continuousfrequency spectrum 1050 as shown in FIG. 5. Then, the frequency spectrumgenerator 1102 generates a discretized frequency spectrum 1060 asdiscussed with reference to FIGS. 6 to 10.

In the following step 1088, the frequency spectra generated by thefrequency spectrum generator 1102 are classified by the classifier 1103,i.e., the same are classified in different classes or scenarios.

If an inventive apparatus is connected to a mobile device, in anoptional step 1087, the mobile device 1309 can be controlled such thatcomponents 1310 existing therein are operated in a first or in a secondoperating mode in dependence on the selected class.

Such an embodiment will be discussed in more detail with reference toFIG. 3. Here, the inventive apparatus 1301 for mobile application isconnected to a mobile device 1309. Depending on the respectivelyassigned class, the apparatus 1301 controls the mobile device 1309 suchthat the at least one component 1310, such as a WLAN module, is operatedin a first or in a second operating state.

In some environments and situations, respectively, it can happen thatspecific functions of the mobile device 1309 cannot be used or can onlybe used to a limited extent. If the inventive apparatus 1301 generates,for example, a frequency spectrum that can be compared to the frequencyspectrum shown in FIG. 9 (e.g., “underground parking garage”),frequently, no or at least only limited, mobile communication ispossible. Thus, the inventive apparatus 1301 can control the mobiledevice 1309 such that the mobile radio modem is switched off. As soon asthe frequency spectrum generator 1102 determines a differentenvironment, i.e., a different characteristic frequency spectrum, suchas shown, for example, in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, the mobile radio modem isswitched on again. This would, for example, be the case when theinventive apparatus 1301 leaves the underground parking garage again.

Accordingly, the inventive apparatus 1301 and the inventive method,respectively, can be used for estimating the current position and thetype of environment, respectively, in a mobile device 1309 based on thefrequency spectrum measured and generated by evaluating the existingradio services and/or interferences. This information can then be usedto place at least one component 1310 in the mobile device 1301 into aselected operating state according to the needs and/or depending on theenvironment.

A selected operating state can therefore be a selection of a specificoperating state of a component 1310, such as a radio module, adapted toneeds and/or environment. If, for example, the network coverageprevailing at a position is not sufficiently high to use the respectiveradio service, this radio service, as mentioned above, can be switchedoff or the respective radio module can be placed in an energy-savingmode or can be deactivated.

For this, the apparatus 1301 can interact with the energy and resourcemanagement of the mobile device 1309 or can place a component 1310 intoan operating state with low energy consumption by user-specificselection, or can switch the component 1310 on and off, respectively.

This offers the option of realizing the inventive apparatus 1301 withlow energy consumption. Such a realization can advantageously beperformed such that the entire energy consumption of the apparatus 1301is lower than the energy consumption of the at least one component 1310in a non-class related operation. In other words, by controlling atleast one component 1310 of the mobile device 1309 based on the needs,more energy than needed by the inventive apparatus 1301 itself is saved.This means, when the inventive apparatus 1301 is connected to a mobiledevice 1309, energy saving by class-specific control (e.g., selectiveswitching on/off) of the component 1310 is higher than the energyconsumption of the inventive apparatus 1301 connected to the mobiledevice 1309. For voltage supply, the inventive apparatus 1301 can fallback on the accumulator of the mobile device 1309. Despite the voltagesupply of the apparatus 1301, the accumulator of the mobile device 1309lasts longer, since the energy saving by the inventive class specificcontrol of the component 1310 is higher than the current consumption forcontinuous operation of the component 1310.

As already mentioned, a specific class and a specific scenario,respectively, can represent a position. This is to be described in moredetail based on the example of the scenario “homezone”, where the userof a mobile device 1309 connected to an inventive apparatus 1301 entershis home.

First, the user of the mobile device 1309 is on the street in front ofhis house. The frequency spectrum prevailing there is detected by thefrequency spectrum generator 1302 and classified, for example, as class“outdoor”. If the user enters his house, the apparatus 1301 detects thisas follows.

First, the frequency spectrum generator 1302 detects the frequencyspectrum prevailing in the house. The frequency spectrum hascharacteristics that are characteristic for the position “at home”. Forexample, WLAN networks, radio thermometer signals and further signalsfrom the radio devices “at home” are received. Based on theabove-described classification methods (signal level, level threshold,etc.), this characteristic frequency spectrum is classified into theclass “homezone”. Thus, the apparatus 1301 “detects” the currentposition as the home of the user.

The apparatus 1301 controls the mobile device 1309 such that thecomponents 1310 existing in the mobile device 1309 are operated in aclass-dependent operating state. In that way, in the class “homezone”previously activated components 1310, such as the GPS receiver and thenavigation system can be switched off and other previously deactivatedcomponents 1310, such as the WLAN module, can be switched on. However,the components 1310 can also remain in the same operating state, forexample, a Bluetooth module which can be used both inside and outsidethe “homezone”.

Advantageously, the apparatus 1301 has an interface 1311 to a displayapparatus 1304. Alternatively or additionally, the inventive apparatus1301 can use the display of the mobile device 1309 for displayinginformation.

A frequency spectrum generated at a current or earlier time can bedisplayed to the user via the display apparatus 1304. If a frequencyspectrum has already been classified by the classifier 1303, therespective class can be output at the display apparatus 1304.

Additionally, the apparatus 1301 can comprise an input interface 1312for connection with an input apparatus 1313. Alternatively oradditionally, the inventive apparatus 1301 can use the input apparatus,such as the touch screen unit at the mobile device 1309. Via this inputapparatus 1313, the user can classify a generated frequency spectrum. Inthat way, the user can classify, for example, a frequency spectrumgenerated at home into a class “homezone”, a frequency spectrumgenerated at an airport into a class “airport”, etc.

Generally, different scenario-dependent actions can be executed at themobile device 1309. Depending on the respective class determining therespective scenario, radio services, such as GPS/GNSS, can be switchedon and off. The display brightness can be adapted, such that, forexample, in a living room the brightness is refused while in anunderground parking garage the brightness is increased. A longer stay inthe underground parking garage is detected based on the time course ofthe frequency spectrum and the brightness of the display can be reducedagain. Telephone profiles can also be adapted in dependence on theclass, such that, for example, all ring tones are muted when entering acinema hall.

In a further embodiment, radio signals can be used for inferring theregion where the apparatus 1301 currently is. Generally, differentregions have different frequency occupancy schemes. In that way, thestation occupancy of the radio band in Greater Munich differs from thestation occupancy in Greater Nuremberg.

Thus, generally, the inventive apparatus 1101, 1301 can estimate anenvironmental class by spectral evaluation of the measurement data andspectrograms, respectively. The environmental class can be estimated bya comparison with defined scenario patterns. Possible environmentalclasses are, for example:

-   -   Indoors (e.g., “homezone”)    -   Outdoors (again to be differentiated in rural or urban        environment)    -   In the car    -   On the underground    -   On the train    -   On an airplane    -   At the airport

This differentiation can also be based on simple rules, e.g., levelthresholds, frequency intervals, etc. The evaluation can also beperformed based on statistically processed data.

Apart from the above-described classification into classes representinga position, such classes can also represent a velocity of movement ofthe apparatus 1101.

By evaluating the time course of the generated frequency spectra andspectrograms, respectively, fading or shading can be used in a practicalmanner in order to react to specific environment and movement scenarios,such as entering a skyscraper, driving with the lift and the same and todetermine velocities of moveable transmitters or of a carrier of atransmitter for the inventive apparatus 1101. Then, as described in moredetail below, a velocity of movement of the inventive apparatus 1101 canbe estimated from the detected frequency spectra.

FIG. 12 shows a frequency spectrum 1220 generated continuously by aninventive apparatus 1101 ata considered frequency of 182.198 MHz forthat purpose. The time course is plotted in seconds on the abscissa1224. The receive level is plotted in dBm on the ordinate 1225.

The frequency spectrum 1220 comprises a first portion 1222 and asubsequent second portion 1223. The second portion 1223 starts from thetime 1221 where a movement of the apparatus 1101 takes place.

In the first portion 1222, the signal strength and the level of thereceived signal, respectively, is at an approximately constant value of−38 dBm (i.e., comprising a slight background noise). In the secondportion 1223, the received level varies at an equal interval 1226 ofapproximately 0.95 s between approximately −30 dBm and approximately −46dBm. In the present embodiment, the distance 1226 can be considered asthe time distance between the two maxima 1227 and 1228. This variationof the received level is also referred to as pulsing.

Pulsing spectral lines of a fixed frequency (e.g., in the TETRA-BOSradio system at 380 MHz to 395 MHz, which is well developed in Germany,)can be used for estimating the velocity, for example in the urban area,where reflecting or absorbing objects (houses, lampposts, trafficlights, trucks, containers, etc.) exists. By the partial deletion ofarriving and reflected radio waves at a frequency f_(RX) duringmultipath fading, the velocity of the receiver can be estimated startingfrom the time period At between two adjacent reference points (minima,maxima, zero crossings, etc.). Assuming that the reference points arelocated at the distance

${\frac{Wavelength}{2}\left( \frac{\lambda}{2} \right)},$

the following applies,

${\Delta \; s} = {{\frac{\lambda}{2}\mspace{14mu} {as}\mspace{14mu} {well}\mspace{14mu} {as}\mspace{14mu} c} = {\lambda \cdot f_{RX}}}$

for the velocity

$\begin{matrix}{v = {\frac{\Delta \; s}{\Delta \; t} = {\frac{\lambda}{{2 \cdot \Delta}\; t} = \frac{c}{{2 \cdot \Delta}\; {t \cdot f_{RX}}}}}} & \lbrack a\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In this regard, FIG. 12 shows a measured receive level curve (in dBm) ofa public radio signal at approximately 182 MHz in front of a three-storyoffice building. The frequency spectrum generator, and the measuringdevice operating as radio receiver, respectively, (spectrum analyzerwith recording in the time domain) had been moved with constant velocityfor 15 m in a walking manner starting from t=5 s (illustrated by point1221). Thus, by applying equation [a], a velocity of approximately 0.9m/s can be determined.

Thus, in this embodiment, the velocity of movement of the apparatus1101, 1301, 1401 is calculated according to equation [a] based on thesignal strength of the frequency spectrum 1220 at at least one of thementioned frequencies of 182.198 MHz at subsequent detection times. Forperforming this calculation, the inventive apparatus 1101, 1301, 1401comprises a computer.

According to a further embodiment, based on the described evaluation andcalculation of frequency spectra, respectively, the inventive apparatus1301 can detect a movement of a car including the apparatus 1301 moving,e.g., with 30 km/h. Accordingly, the classifier 1303 of the apparatus1301 classifies a frequency spectrum recorded in the vehicle into theclass “vehicle”.

When the inventive apparatus 1301 is connected to a mobile device 1309,the same can act accordingly and control the mobile device 1309according to the class “vehicle”. For example, the operating options ofthe mobile device 1309 can be limited or deactivated during the driveand voice-control or hands-free equipment can be activated. Thus, themobile device 1309 is controlled in dependence on needs and anenvironment, which can, in this case, contribute to increasing roadsafety.

In one embodiment, the detected velocity can contribute to theestimation of the environment and the position (e.g., “vehicle”) of aninventive apparatus 1101. The combination with possibly existingsensors, such as with a GPS module for refining the location estimationis also possible.

Both the above-described evaluation of frequency spectra according toformula [a] as well as general temporal variations in generatedfrequency spectra can be used for detecting velocities and/or differentenvironments. Temporal variations of specific discrete frequencies andtheir signal strength, respectively, can indicate that the inventiveapparatus 1101 moves between two specific locations. Thereby, tracking,i.e., following a covered path of the apparatus 1101 becomes possible.

Such tracking can be realized advantageously with the inventive system1400. One embodiment will be described below with reference to FIG. 4.

The system 1400 comprises a tag 1401. The tag 1401 comprises a frequencyspectrum generator 1402. The frequency spectrum generator 1402 generatesa frequency spectrum prevailing at the respective generation time atdifferent times.

The tag 1401 comprises a memory 1404. The respective frequency spectra,i.e., generated at different times, can be stored in the memory 1404.

The tag 1401 and the memory 1404 of the tag 1401, respectively, can beread out at the target location via an interface 1406, such as awireless interface with the help of a tag reader 1405. By offlineevaluation of the data (e.g., frequency spectra with time stamp)location information of the tag 1401 can be derived. In that way,important statements can be made on the positions and position times ofthe tag 1401. The inventive system 1400 is used, among others, in thelogistics sector for optimizing logistics process.

If, for example, a container on a cargo ship having such a tag 1401 oneach cargo is used, a different characteristic frequency spectrum isdetected in the starting harbor (e.g., N.Y.) than at sea (spectrumincludes almost no signal portions, possibly only on-board communicationof the ship). When arriving in the target harbor (e.g., Hamburg) the tag1401 will detect the characteristic spectrum prevailing in Hamburg andgenerate a respective frequency spectrum and spectrogram, respectively:for example, DAB and DVB-T radio signals 1090, 1092, 1093, TETRA signals(BOS) 1094, GSM900 1096.

If a container provided with a tag 1401 is placed in the center of theship, the expected receive levels are very low. However, when unloadingfrom the ship, an increase of the relevant signal levels can bedetermined immediately by the tag 1401 and hence the estimation of theenvironment class becomes possible.

According to a further embodiment, a tag 1401 can be attached toimportant sensible devices in order to determine in what environmentsthe respective device provided with the tag 1401 has been used (e.g.,outdoors or indoors, etc.). In that way, when reading out the tag 1401(e.g., in the workshop) it can be determined how, when and where thedevice had been used. Thereby, correct or incorrect usage of the devicecan be verified.

Above that, temporal allocation in retrospect is possible as long as thespectrograms (or the statistically adjusted data) are stored with a timestamp in the memory 1404. The memory 1404 is a non-volatile memory, suchas a flash EEPROM memory.

FIG. 13 shows in summary a block diagram of an embodiment of aninventive system 1400.

The system 1400 comprises a tag 1401. The tag 1401 comprises a frequencyspectrum generator 1402 connected to a microcontroller 1408. Thefrequency spectrum generator 1402 is configured as an energy-saving IC(integrated circuit) for detecting frequency spectra. For this, thefrequency spectrum generator 1402 is connected to an antenna 1410. Abovethat, the frequency spectrum generator 1402 is connected to asufficiently large flash EEPROM memory 1404, for example via theenergy-saving microcontroller 1408. Further, the system comprises aninterface 1406. Via this interface 1406, a tag reader 1405 can beconnected to the tag 1401 in order to communicate with the same.

The structure illustrated in FIG. 13 can be used as inventive system1400 with tag 1401 for detecting position information over time. Abattery as well as energy-harvesting solutions are possible as a voltageand current supply 1409. By energy-saving implementation orconfiguration of the tag 1401, regular recordings of the spectrum (e.g.every 5 seconds) across a very long time period are possible.

Based on the regularly recorded spectrograms, it is possible to detect:

-   -   Region    -   Continent    -   Ocean    -   Harbor (possibly also location)    -   Cargo in movement (drive)    -   Cargo is discharged (shipping)    -   Means of transport (airplane, maritime vessel, inland vessel,        cargo train, truck/automobile, forklift, etc.).

Thus, among others, the inventive apparatus has the followingadvantages:

Thus, with the present invention, among others, the environment, theradio channel and the velocity of the inventive apparatus 1301 can beestimated from the type and the time course of the signals.

In some embodiments, this can be used, among others, to operate at leastone component 1310 in a mobile device 1309 in a specific operating statedepending on the environment and the need. The inventive apparatus 1301and the inventive method, respectively, are additionally suitable forimplementation in an integrated circuit with very lowcurrent-consumption.

By the inventive evaluation of the levels of the different transmitters(radio, mobile radio, WLAN, DECT, etc.) in the spectrogram, the locationand channel characteristics at this location can be inferred. If no oronly very few transmitters are detected, it is very likely that nomobile communication will be possible, thus, the mobile radio modemmight be switched off.

By a suitable evaluation of the measured spectra, the coarse environmentwhere the inventive apparatus 1101 resides can be estimated. It cannotonly be inferred whether the apparatus 1101 is in a basement room, in anunderground parking garage, indoors or outdoors, but also the type ofenvironment and the settlement density can be inferred.

This information can be used, for example, to switch at least onecomponent 1310 in a mobile device 1309 on or off, depending on theenvironment, in order to reduce, for example, energy consumption. Thus,it is useful, for example, to switch off the satellite navigation systemindoors in order to save power. However, as soon as it is detected thatthe apparatus 1301 is outdoors again, the navigation system isautomatically switched on again. Similar processes can be implementedwith other energy consumers, such as WLAN, mobile radio modem, Bluetoothetc.

The data determined by evaluating a spectrogram cannot only help toimprove the energy management of a mobile device 1309. Above that, it ispossible to increase the security of a mobile device 1309, since someservices, such as WLAN, Bluetooth and the same are only switched on whenthe same are needed from the user's point of view.

As described so far, the apparatus 1101, 1301, 1401 according to thefirst aspect of the invention can comprise a frequency spectrumgenerator 1102, 1302, 1402 for generating a frequency spectrum. A secondaspect of the invention that will be described below with reference toFIGS. 14 to 21 relates to a frequency spectrum generator 2000. Thisfrequency spectrum generator 2000 can, for example, be used as afrequency spectrum generator 1102, 1302, 1402 used in theabove-described apparatus 1101, 1301, 1401.

FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of an inventive frequency spectrum generator2000. The frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a tunable localoscillator 2101. The local oscillator 2101 is configured to output alocal oscillator signal 2102. The local oscillator signal has afrequency f_(LO).

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a downmixer2103. The downmixer 2103 is configured to downmix a received antennasignal 2104 with the local oscillator signal 2102. Accordingly, adownmixed signal 2105 is obtained.

The antenna signal 2104 comprises a receive frequency f_(RF). Thedownmixed signal 2105 has an intermediate frequency f_(IF).

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a filter 2106.The filter 2106 is configured to filter out a mirror-frequency portionof the antenna signal 2104 in the downmixed signal 2105. In other words,the filter 2106 filters the mirror-frequency portion out of the antennasignal 2104, such that this mirror-frequency portion is not entered intothe mixer 2103. Thus, the downmixed signal 2105 includes nomirror-frequency portion. In other words, the mirror-frequency portionof the antenna signal 2104 has been filtered out in the downmixed signal2105.

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a signal leveldetector 2107. The signal level detector 2107 is configured to detect asignal level of the downmixed signal 2105 at an intermediate frequencyf_(IF).

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a control 2108.The control 2108 is configured to control the local oscillator 2101 andthe signal level detector 2107 in a sequential or clocked manner inorder to sample a frequency spectrum of the antenna signal 2104 at asequence of sampling frequencies. In other words, the control 2108controls the local oscillator 2101 and the signal level detector 2107such that the operating state of the local oscillator 2101 and thesignal level detector 2107 is cycled between an active and inactivestate in a sequential and clocked manner, respectively. Thereby, anapplied antenna signal 2104 is sampled. By sampling the antenna signal2104 at a sequence of sampling frequencies, a frequency spectrum can besampled and generated which includes exactly those sampling frequencies.

The control 2108 is configured to change the frequency f_(LO) of thelocal oscillator signal 2102 during sequential control, such that adifference between the local oscillator frequency f_(LO) and thesampling frequency f_(RF) corresponds to the intermediate frequencyf_(IF) and the respective local oscillator frequency f_(LO) lies betweenthe respective sampling frequency f_(RF) and the respectivemirror-frequency portion f_(SP).

For illustration purposes, FIG. 18 shows a frequency diagram. Thereceive and sampling frequency f_(RF), respectively, of the antennasignal 2104 can be seen in the right part of the diagram. By mixing theantenna signal 2104 with a local oscillator signal of the frequencyf_(LO), on the one hand, a downmixed signal 2105 results with anintermediate frequency f_(IF) which can be seen in the left part of thediagram. The downmixed signal 2105 with the intermediate frequencyf_(IF) is desired. On the other hand, also, a mirror-frequency portionf_(SP) spaced apart from the local oscillator frequency f_(LO) by thedistance of the frequency f_(IF) occurs. The mirror-frequency portionf_(SP), however, is undesirable and is therefore suppressed according tothe invention.

The table 1 shown below shows an example for a performedmirror-frequency suppression during receive frequency tuning.

TABLE 1 RF receive Mirror frequency frequency Local f_(RF) f_(mirror)oscillator [MHz] [MHz] f_(LO) [MHz] Mixing process f_(RF):f_(mirror) 9501200 1075 HIGH SIDE INJECTION 0.79 900 1150 1025 HIGH SIDE INJECTION0.78 850 1100 975 HIGH SIDE INJECTION 0.77 800 1050 925 HIGH SIDEINJECTION 0.76 750 1000 875 HIGH SIDE INJECTION 0.75 700 450 575 LOWSIDE INJECTION 1.56 650 400 525 LOW SIDE INJECTION 1.63 600 350 475 LOWSIDE INJECTION 1.71 500 250 375 LOW SIDE INJECTION 2.00

In the first column, the individual receive and sampling frequencies,respectively, are indicated. The frequency spectrum of interest rangesfrom 950 MHz to 500 MHz.

In the second column, the mirror-frequency portions f_(SP) belonging toeach sampling frequency f_(RF) are indicated, which result, as mentionedabove, when mixing the antenna signal 2104 with the local oscillatorsignal 2102.

The frequencies f_(LO) of the local oscillator signal 2102 are indicatedin the third column.

The respective type of mixing process is indicated in the fourth column.Here, a differentiation is made between the so-called high-sideinjection and the so-called low-side injection. In the high-sideinjection, the local oscillator frequency f_(LO) is above the samplingfrequency f_(RF). In the low-side injection, the local oscillatorfrequency f_(LO) is below the sampling frequency f_(RF). In both mixingprocesses, the antenna signal 2104 is downmixed.

The respective ratio of the sampling frequency f_(RF) to mirrorfrequency fsp is indicated in the fifth column.

Thus, as mentioned above, the first column shows the frequency spectrumof interest which is to be determined by sampling. The respectivesampling frequencies are in a range between 500 MHz and 950 MHz. Thus,this range is the sampled frequency spectrum.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the control 2108 isconfigured to change, at a respective sampling frequency f_(RF), thefrequency f_(LO) of the respective local oscillator signal 2102 suchthat the respective mirror-frequency portion f_(SP) lies below andabove, respectively, the sampled frequency spectrum.

For example, the values of the respective mirror-frequency portionsf_(SP) of the first five rows (high-side injection) are all above thesampled frequency spectrum, i.e. above the highest sampling frequencyf_(RF) with 950 MHz.

The values of the respective mirror-frequency portions f_(SP) of thebottom four rows (low-side injection) are all below the sampledfrequency spectrum, i.e. below the lowest sampling frequency f_(RF) with500 MHz.

As can be seen, the choice of the local oscillator frequency f_(LO)determines the location of the mirror-frequency portion f_(SP). Byskillful choice of the local oscillator frequency f_(LO), the locationof the respective mirror-frequency portion f_(SP) can be placed suchthat the same is outside the frequency spectrum of interest and hence nolonger interferes with the detection of the entire frequency spectrum.

Additionally, the local oscillator frequency f_(LO) can be selected fora respectively given sampling frequency f_(RF) such that themirror-frequency portion f_(SP) is in a frequency band that is hardlyoccupied (e.g. in Germany between 1000 MHz and 1400 MHz), so that thesignal portions from the reception of the mirror frequency fsp do notoccur in the receiver or in an irrelevant manner (on the intermediatefrequency side at f_(IF)).

In on embodiment, such as shown in FIG. 15, the filter 2106 comprises afilter control 2209. The filter control 2209 is configured to change thefilter characteristic of the filter 2106 in dependence on the selectedfrequency f_(LO) of the local oscillator signal 2102 and/or the selectedsampling frequency f_(RF). As an example for this, Table 1 can be usedagain.

In the first row of Table 1, it can be seen that an antenna signal 2104is sampled ata receive and sampling frequency f_(RF), respectively, of950 MHz and downmixed with a local oscillator signal 2102 with thefrequency f_(LO) of 1075 MHz. Here, a mirror-frequency portion f_(SP)occurs at 1200 MHz. If sampling is performed at a later time with adifferent sampling frequency f_(RF), e.g. with 700 MHz (row 6 of Table1), downmixing is performed with a local oscillator signal 2102 of afrequency f_(LO) of 575 MHz, wherein a mirror-frequency portion f_(SP)occurs at 450 MHz.

Depending on the sampling frequency f_(RF) and the local oscillatorfrequency f_(LO), the filter control 2209 can control the filter 2106 inorder to change its filter characteristic. Here, the filtercharacteristic of the filter 2106 is changed such that themirror-frequency portion f_(SP) is filtered out from the antenna signal2104 at the respective sampling frequency f_(RF). For that purpose, thefilter 2106 is either a broadband filter or a tunable filter, inparticular a tunable bandpass filter.

Thus, by the filter 2106, an undesired mirror-frequency portion f_(SP)occurring at the respective sampling frequency f_(RF) can be filteredout from the antenna signal 2104 at any sampling frequency f_(RF).

Here, the requirements for the filter are dependent on the distance ofthe sampling frequency f_(RF) to the respective mirror-frequencyportions f_(SP) and the ratio

$\frac{f_{RF}}{f_{SP}}$

which is entered in the last column of Table 1, respectively. Thus, inone embodiment, the control 2108 is configured to adjust the frequencyf_(LO) of the local oscillator signal 2102 such that, at a samplingfrequency f_(RF), a ratio of sampling frequency to the respectivemirror-frequency portion

$\frac{f_{RF}}{f_{Sp}}$

results, wherein the ratio is in a range between 0.5 and 0.8 or in arange between 1.5 and 2.0.

Thereby, the filter request for the adjustable bandpass filter regardingsignal suppression at f_(SP) is relaxed. In the case of f_(RF)=500 MHz(see last row in Table 1), the frequency ratio

$\frac{f_{RF}}{f_{Sp}}$

is even 2:1, which relaxes the requirement for an adjustable bandpassfilter. If in that case the local oscillator frequency would be selectedwith 625 MHz (high-side injection), the mirror frequency would be at 750MHz, which results in a frequency ratio

$\frac{f_{RF}}{f_{Sp}}$

of 1.5:1 and would need a bandpass filter with a steeper edge for thesame mirror frequency suppression.

The mirror frequency suppression is comprised of several attenuations inthe receiver chain:

a) the LNA frequency response,

b) the tunable bandpass filter (advantageously as LC filter), and

c) the frequency response of the matching network and the receiveantenna.

As already mentioned above, in one embodiment, the control 2108 isconfigured to operate the local oscillator 2101 in two operating modes,wherein in a first operating mode (high-side injection) the localoscillator 2101 is controlled such that the frequency f_(LO) of thelocal oscillator signal 2102 is above the respective sampling frequencyf_(RF), and wherein in a second operating mode (low-side injection) thelocal oscillator 2101 is controlled such that the frequency f_(LO) ofthe local oscillator signal 2102 is below the respective samplingfrequency f_(RF).

Further, in one embodiment, the control 2108 is configured to switchbetween the two operating modes, i.e. between high-side injection andlow-side injection during the process of sampling the frequency spectrumof an antenna signal 2104. This is indicated in Table 1 by the thickhorizontal bar between the fifth and sixth rows.

In particular, the control 2108 switches between the two operating modesexactly when downward-mixing of the antenna signal 2104 with the localoscillator signal 2102 would result in a mirror-frequency portion f_(SP)lying within the frequency spectrum to be sampled. For example, in row 6of Table 1, high-side injection with a local oscillator frequency f_(LO)of 825 MHz would result in a mirror-frequency portion f_(SP) of 950 MHz.Thus, this mirror-frequency portion f_(SP) would correspond to the topsampling frequency (Table 1, row 1). In other words, thismirror-frequency portion f_(SP) would lie within the frequency spectrumto be sampled, which is why the control 2108 switches to low-sideinjection at this position.

In one embodiment, the control 2108 is configured to select the samplingfrequencies f_(RF) in descending order in order to sample the frequencyspectrum of an antenna signal 2104 in descending order from high to lowsampling frequencies f_(RF). This can be seen in the first column ofTable 1, wherein the frequency spectrum of the antenna signal 2104 wouldbe sampled in descending order, starting at a sampling frequency f_(RF)of 900 MHz down to 500 MHz.

Sampling in reverse, i.e. ascending order would also be possible. Thus,according to a further embodiment, the control 2108 is configured toselect the sampling frequencies f_(RF) in ascending order in order tosample the frequency spectrum of an antenna signal 2104 in ascendingorder from low to high sampling frequencies f_(RF).

According to a further embodiment, the control 2108 is configured toselect the sampling frequencies f_(RF) arbitrarily in order to samplethe frequency spectrum of an antenna signal 2104 in arbitrary order.

As also shown in Table 1, the distances between the sampling frequenciesf_(RF) can be distributed equidistantly across the frequency spectrum ofthe antenna signal 2104 to be sampled. In the example shown in Table 1,the distances of the sampling frequencies f_(RF) are 50 MHz each. Thesedistances also designate the step width of the local oscillator 2101.

In one embodiment, the local oscillator 2101 can be tunable in stepshaving a specific step width, wherein the step width is approximately 50MHz, advantageously approximately 25 MHz, more advantageouslyapproximately 10 MHz and most advantageously approximately 1 MHz.

With the variable step width of the local oscillator, it is possiblethat the distance between a first and a second sampling frequencydiffers from a distance between the second and a third samplingfrequency. The distances of the sampling frequencies differ from oneanother, namely by the respective step width of the local oscillator.

FIGS. 20A to 20C show schematic examples for sampling a frequencyspectrum at the sequence of sampling frequencies. Here, the time isplotted on the abscissa. Frequency values, more accurately the samplingfrequencies are plotted on the ordinate. Here, the sampling frequencyvalues have no specific numerical values but are merely indicated byindices of f₁ to f_(n). The same applies for the times t₁ to t_(n).

In the example shown in FIG. 20A, a frequency spectrum is sampled atdiscrete times t₁ to t_(n) at respective discrete sampling values(sampling frequencies f₁ to f_(n)). The frequency spectrum is sampled inorder of the sampling frequencies f₁ to f_(n) at subsequent times t₁ tot₆. From the time t₇ onwards, the sampling process is repeated in thesame order. The interval passed between times t₁ and t₆ is referred toas sampling interval or also as frequency sweep. The time period forpassing one or several sampling intervals, as well as storing thedetermined values within this time period is also referred to as memorylength. The average value between two sampling times t₁ and t₂designates the sampling period T_(A).

In the example shown in FIG. 20B, the frequency spectrum is sampled inan arbitrary order of sampling frequencies. The frequency spectrum can,for example, be sampled in a sampling interval between t₁ and t₆ indiffering and arbitrary order, respectively, at the sampling frequenciesf₁ to f_(n) such that sampling is performed once per sampling intervalat all sampling frequencies.

FIG. 20C shows a further example where a frequency spectrum is sampledat two receive frequencies of interest, namely f₂ and f₅. Here, thefrequency spectrum is sampled alternately at the sampling frequencies f₂and f₅, at subsequent times. However, it is also possible that one ofthe two sampling frequencies f₂ and f₅, respectively, is selectedarbitrarily at subsequent times. Thus, frequency ranges of specificinterest can be scanned, such as 433 MHz and 866 MHz.

The signal level detector 2107 is configured to detect a signal level ateach discrete sampling frequency and to determine the value of therespective signal level as well as to relate the individual signallevels to one another. These values output by the signal level detector2107 can be stored in a memory. Alternatively or additionally, thesevalues output by the signal level detector 2107 can be statisticallyevaluated by a calculating unit 2211 as explained in more detail below.

When needed, the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 offers ahigh update rate, e.g., every 10 ms (up to 100 times/second). The updaterate can be selected in a variable manner.

In one embodiment, the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000samples the frequency spectrum very fast (<50 ms) and generates discretesampling values for the frequency range 10 MHz to 100 GHz, which arestored in a static RAM as discretized spectrograms.

FIG. 16 shows an image of a frequency spectrum 2300 sampled within aninventive frequency spectrum generator 2000. This actually existing HFspectrum (FIG. 16) is continuously detected with the inventive frequencyspectrum generator 2000 and quantized with a specific frequency rasterand a specific amplitude resolution and illustrated by a finite numberof points in a discretized spectrogram 2400 (FIG. 17). Continuousdetection means that the frequency spectrum generator 2000 operates inan intermittent, i.e., sampling manner, but samples the frequencyspectra continuously, i.e., in repeating orders. In other words, thesampling frequency spectrum generator 2000 operates continuously.

The discretized spectrograms need merely a low amount of data of, e.g.,less than 1000 bit. Due to the low amount of data, (e.g., <1000 bit),the spectrograms can be evaluated by simple algorithms in a power-savingmanner and can be stored in a RAM without necessitating complexarithmetic units as in digital signal processors. In that way, a highlycurrent-saving operation of the inventive frequency spectrum generatoris realized.

Thus, by sampling at the sampling frequencies f₁ to f_(n) at discretetimes ti to t_(n), a time-spectral portion of a frequency spectrum canbe determined. A calculating unit 2211 a to 2211 d shown in FIG. 15 isconfigured to subject this time-spectral portion of the frequencyspectrum to a statistical evaluation and to hence obtain statisticalquantities defining this time-spectral portion.

The calculating unit 2211 a is, for example, configured to subject atime-spectral portion sampled in a time period of approximately 60seconds to a statistical evaluation. These statistical quantities can,for example, be a central tendency that can be seen within the samplingperiod, such as a tendency for a decreasing signal level reception at aspecific sampling frequency. However, it can also be a dispersion ordetermined extreme values. For example, a maximum receive level, aminimum receive level, an average receive level or also a relativeoccupancy period can be determined.

At least part of these statistical quantities can, for example, bedetermined in a sampling-frequency individual manner from a timesequence of sampling values at a respective sampling frequency. In thatway, for example, a maximum and/or minimum receive level can bedetermined at the sampling frequency f₃ in that signal levels applied atthe respective sampling times are statistically evaluated by thecalculating unit 2211 across a respective sampling period.

For example, also sampling values exceeding the thresholds can bedetermined. In that way, it can be detected within the sampling intervalat what sampling frequencies a specific threshold signal level has beenexceeded how many times. Based thereon, for example, an occupancyduration of the respective sampling frequency can be inferred.

The calculating units 2221 a to 2211 d shown in FIG. 15 have differentmemory lengths for the determined statistical quantities, i.e., thecalculating units 2211 a to 2211 d have sampling intervals of differentlengths and store the determined values for different time spans.

Alternatively or additionally, the memory length of the determination ofthe determined statistical quantities can be determined in dependence onthe number of sampling values. In one embodiment, the memory length ofthe determination of the statistical quantities is selected such that anaverage number of sampling values with respect to each samplingfrequency is greater than or equal to 10. In other words, thestatistical quantities are evaluated by a calculating unit 2211 until,on average, at least ten values have been collected at all samplingfrequencies.

In one embodiment, the calculating unit 2211 is configured to determinethe statistical sizes such that a maximum receive level and/or a minimumreceive level and/or an average receive level and/or a relativeoccupancy period can be determined from the same.

One example for this is shown in FIG. 21. Here, k designates the numberof storable frequency spectra and hence corresponds at the same time tothe memory length.

Generated discretized frequency spectra 2901 to 2905 are shown on theleft side in FIG. 21. The first frequency spectrum 2901 has beengenerated by the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 during afirst frequency sweep. The second frequency spectrum 2902 has beengenerated by the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 during asecond frequency sweep. The third frequency spectrum 2903 has beengenerated by the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 during athird frequency sweep. The fourth frequency spectrum 2904 has beengenerated by the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 during afourth frequency sweep. The fifth frequency spectrum 2905 corresponds toa k-th frequency spectrum and has been generated by the inventivefrequency spectrum generator 2000 during a k-th frequency sweep.

The calculating unit 2211 comprises a maximum value detector 2906, aminimum value detector 2907, an average value detector 2908 as well as adetector 2909 for determining the relative occupancy period.

The maximum value detector 2906 is configured to detect, from at least asubset of the sampling frequencies occurring in the k discretizedfrequency spectra, a respective maximum value of a receive level at arespective sampling frequency. These maximum values can be stored andfurther processed and can be shown, for example, in a maximum valuespectrogram 2910. In other words, a maximum value spectrogram isestablished from all sweeps n+1 to n+k.

The minimum value detector 2907 is configured to detect, from at least asubset of the sampling frequencies occurring in the k discretizedfrequency spectra, a respective minimum value of a receive level at arespective sampling frequency. These minimum values can be stored andfurther processed and can be shown, for example, in a minimum valuespectrogram 2911. In other words, a minimum value spectrogram isestablished form all sweeps n+1 to n+k.

The average value detector 2908 is configured to detect, from at least asubset of the sampling frequencies occurring in the k discretizedfrequency spectra, a respective average value of a receive level at arespective sampling frequency. These average values can be stored andfurther processed and can be shown, for example, in an average valuespectrogram 2912. In other words, an average value spectrogram isestablished from all sweeps n+1 to n+k.

The detector 2909 for determining the relative occupancy period isconfigured to determine, from at least a subset of the samplingfrequencies occurring in the k discretized frequency spectra, an averageoccupancy period of the respective sampling frequency. This can takeplace, among others, as described above by means of determining a numberof sampling values exceeding the thresholds. In this example, thethreshold lies at 3 as indicated above the spectrogram 2913. Thesevalues representing the relative occupancy period can be stored andprocessed further and can be indicated, for example, in a spectrogram2913 indicating a relative occupancy period.

The discretized spectrograms and the evaluation of the discretizedspectrograms, respectively, allows, among others, a classification ofthe radio environment. By evaluating the time curve of the spectrograms,for example, fading or shading can be skillfully used in order to inferspecific environment and movement scenarios (such as entering amultistory building, driving with the lift) and to thereby determinevelocities of moveable transmitters or carriers of a transmitter to themobile device. Such scenarios are described in the German patentapplication DE 10 2015 213 313.3 of the applicant which is hereinenclosed by reference.

In order to spare the user data evaluation with a power-consumingmicrocontroller or microprocessor, in the present invention, apower-saving frequency spectrum generator 2000 for statistic evaluationof long time spectral data is suggested. Since the inventive frequencyspectrum generator 2000 can operate continuously due to the low currentconsumption and provides spectral data, the inventive frequency spectrumgenerator 2000 determines from the continuously incoming spectral datachannel-related quantities, such as maximum receive level, minimumreceive level, average receive level, relative occupancy period.

According to one embodiment, the inventive frequency spectrum generator2000 comprises a calculating unit 2211 (FIG. 15) for this, wherein thecalculating unit 2211 is configured to determine, from at least part ofthe sampling frequencies f_(RF) within the sampled frequency spectrum ofan antenna signal 2104, a maximum receive level and/or a minimum receivelevel and/or an average receive level and/or a relative occupancyperiod.

Determining the minimum and maximum levels from a set of N measuredspectrograms stored in a static RAM can be performed by simple digitalcomparators. The power consumption for a respective implementation asdigital circuit can be very low without having an impact in the totalcurrent consumption. For determining the average receive levels, asimple adder is sufficient, which can also be implemented as digitalcircuit in a power-saving manner. Determining the relative occupancyperiod is performed as counting operation for each receive frequencyf_(FR) when the receive level exceeds a defined threshold.

Among others, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 can be operated in apower-saving and efficient manner since no stabilization withphase-locked loop, i.e., no PLL stabilization for the local oscillator2101 is provided. The frequency spectrum generator 2000 can thus beoperated in a manner unregulated by a phase-locked loop. Instead, coarsestabilization is performed in the sense of single calibration with aspecific frequency raster, for example between 2 MHz and 10 MHz. Thus,no fine tuning is performed like in a phase-locked loop PLL.

Thus, only in the ideal case, the respective intermediate frequenciesf_(IF) entered in Table 1 have the entered firmly defined intervals withrespect to one another. In the example shown in Table 1, the respectivereceive frequencies f_(RF) have a uniform interval of 50 MHz withrespect to one another.

The respective intermediate frequencies f_(IF) vary at a certaininterval around an intermediate frequency set value of, for example, 125MHz as shown in Table 1. This interval is, for example, up to ±10% ofthe intermediate frequency set value of, in this example, 125 MHz.

By omitting PLL stabilization, the inventive frequency spectrumgenerator 2000 can be operated in a power-saving and efficient manner.Instead of fine tuning realized with phase-locked loops, theabove-explained coarse stabilization by means of a frequency raster isused. Since here simple and advantageously passive circuit componentscan be used, the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 operates ina very power-efficient manner.

With regard to FIG. 19, a further embodiment of an inventive frequencyspectrum generator 2000 is shown.

This frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises, among others, atunable local oscillator 2101 for outputting a local oscillator signal2102. Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises adownmixer 2103 for downmixing a received antenna signal 2104 with thelocal oscillator signal 2102 for obtaining a downmixed signal 2105.

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a signal leveldetector 2107 for detecting a signal level of the downmixed signal 2105at an intermediate frequency f_(IF), as well as control 2108 forsequential control of the local oscillator 2101 and the signal leveldetector 2107 in order to sample a frequency spectrum of the antennasignal 2104 at a series of sampling frequencies f_(FR).

As already mentioned above, the frequency spectrum generator 2000operates in a very power-efficient manner. Here, the ratio of aswitch-on period T_(ON) for a sampling process to sampling period T_(A)is selected such that the average total current consumption

$I_{AVG} = {\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{A}} \cdot I_{ON}}$

is less than or equal to 100 μA, wherein I_(ON) designates the currentconsumption in an active state during sampling.

According to a further embodiment, the ratio of switch-on period T_(ON)for a sampling process to sampling period T_(A) is selected such thatthe average total current consumption

$I_{AVG} = {\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{A}} \cdot I_{ON}}$

is less than or equal to 50 μA, advantageously less than or equal to 25μA and most advantageously less than or equal to 10 μA.

This frequency spectrum generator 2000 shown in FIG. 19 can alsocomprise the above-described means for mirror-frequency suppression. Onthe other hand, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 described abovewith reference to FIG. 14 can also have an average total currentconsumption I_(AVG) with the just mentioned values.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of an inventive frequency spectrum generator2000. In this example, the power-saving frequency spectrum generator2000 is realized as sampling radio receiver with local oscillatorretuning. More accurately, in this example, a simple superheterodynereceiver with adjustable RF bandpass filter is suggested as anarchitecture by which mirror-frequency suppression for a frequencyretuning process can be realized.

The ratio of switch-on period T_(ON) for a sampling process to samplingperiod T_(A) is selected for power-saving operation such that theaverage total current consumption

$I_{AVG} = {\frac{T_{ON}}{T_{A}} \cdot I_{ON}}$

is significantly below 100 μA. Here, I_(ON) designates the currentconsumption in the active state during sampling.

Example: T_(ON)=100 ns and T_(A)=100 μs with I_(ON)=10 mA results inI_(AVG)=10 μA.

The frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises an antenna 2210 forreceiving an antenna signal 2104. An adjustable bandpass filter 2106with a filter control 2209 for changing the filter characteristic isarranged behind the antenna 2210. An amplifier 2212 in the form of anLNA (Low Noise Amplifier) is arranged behind the adjustable filter 2106.

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a localoscillator 2101 with a local oscillator frequency control 2213. Further,a mixer 2103 is provided that is arranged between the LNA 2212 and thelocal oscillator 2101.

A low-pass filter 2214, a further amplifier 2215, a low-pass filter2216, a demodulator 2217 as well as a further low-pass filter 2218 arebehind the mixer 2103. These elements 2214, 2215, 2216, 2217 serve todetect a signal level and thus form together a signal level detector2107.

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises ananalog/digital converter 2219 arranged behind the low-pass filter 2218and several calculating units 2211 a to 2211 d. Optionally, thecalculating units 2211 a to 2211 d can be arranged before or after theanalog/digital converter 2219 and can accordingly be configured toprocess analog or digital input signals.

As already mentioned above, the calculating units 2211 a to 2211 d servefor statistical evaluation of the frequency spectra. Here, thecalculating units 2211 a to 2211 d have different memory lengths. Inother words, the calculating units 2211 a to 2211 d are configured tostore frequency spectra generated across time periods of differentlengths.

The first calculating unit 2211 a , for example, has a memory length ofapproximately 1 minute. The second calculating unit 2211 b has a memorylength of 10 minutes. The third calculating unit 2211 c has a memorylength of 1 hour. The fourth calculating unit 2211 d has a memory lengthof 12 hours or even 24 hours.

In that way, with the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000, bothshort time (up to approximately 1 minute) and also long time evaluation(up to 12 hours and more) of the frequency spectra can be performed.

Further, the frequency spectrum generator 2000 comprises a control 2108.The control 2108 is connected to the LNA 2212, the local oscillator2101, the mixer 2103, the amplifier 2215, the demodulator 2217 and theanalog-digital converter 2219. The control 2108 can comprise a pulsecontrol that can be supplied with a clock 2220, such that the control2108 controls the connected members sequentially in the clock. The localoscillator frequency control 2213 as well as the filter control 2209 canbe integrated in the control 2108.

First, an antenna signal 2104 received by the antenna 2210 is passedthrough the filter 2106. As described above, the respectivemirror-frequency portions f_(SP) are filtered out in the filter 2106.

Then, the filtered antenna signal 2104 is amplified in the LNA andguided into the mixture 2103. In the mixer 2103, the amplified antennasignal 2104 of the frequency f_(RF) is downmixed with the localoscillator signal 2102 of the frequency f_(LO). At the output of themixer 2103, a downmixed intermediate frequency signal 2105 of theintermediate frequency f_(IF) is obtained.

In the low-pass filter 2214, the lower frequency portion of theintermediate frequency f_(IF) is passed. This signal is then amplifiedin the amplifier 2215 and guided into the bandpass filter 2216. Thebandpass filter 2216 comprises a narrow-band pass band and serves tosuppress noise signal portions.

The signal is demodulated in the demodulator 2217, the average signalenergy is determined and the demodulated signal passes a further lowpass filter 2218. The output signal of the low-pass filter 2218 isguided into the analog-digital converter 2219. This can, for example, bea simple comparator circuit. An RSSI (Received Signal StrengthIndication) value can, for example, be tapped as output signal.

Wth the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000, for example, anapparatus for broadband, power-saving and continuous reception ofspectra can be provided, wherein the frequency spectrum generator 2000covers a frequency band between 30 kHz and 30 GHz, advantageouslybetween 30 MHz and 30 GHz, more advantageously between 30 MHz and 5 GHzand most advantageously between 30 MHz and 1 GHz. When needed, theinventive frequency spectrum generator 2000 offers a high update rate,e.g., every 10 ms (up to 100 times/second). The update rate can beselected in a variable manner. In one embodiment, the inventivefrequency spectrum generator 2000 samples the frequency spectrum veryfast (<50 ms) and generates discrete sample values for the frequencyrange 300 MHz to 1 GHz that are stored in a static RAM as discretizedspectrograms.

As mentioned above, the inventive frequency spectrum generator 2000allows, apart from storing the raw data, also the storage ofstatistically processed data with greater memory length (e.g., 10seconds, 10 minutes or 1 hour).

The frequency raster does not have to be equidistant, can be fragmentaryand does not have to be sweeped in a continuous or linear manner but canalso be sweeped arbitrarily (then, aliasing effects when obtaining aspectrogram are significantly suppressed). A specific selection offrequency points is also possible for the operation (e.g., only forfrequencies of interest for short range devices or ISM frequencies). Thereceiver bandwidth per frequency point can be configured in a variablemanner. Higher bandwidths allow faster detections of spectrograms.

The following application scenarios are possible with the inventivefrequency spectrum generator 2000:

-   -   Determining spectrograms and channel occupancies in a        power-saving manner    -   Power-saving assistance system during radio network planning in        real time as regards to frequency management of so-called white        frequency ranges (white spaces) in distributed systems with        mobile participants    -   Providing alternative frequency channels for possible diversion        in the case of unexpected attacks or interferences on previously        used channels (e.g., for alarm systems/monitoring systems)    -   Estimation of real environments based on the receive spectrum    -   Specific suitability as space-saving integrated low cost circuit        for automotive key applications, smart phone/mobile phone        extensions as well as for smart-home/building atomization.

Although some aspects have been described in the context of anapparatus, it is obvious that these aspects also represent a descriptionof the corresponding method, such that a block or device of an apparatusalso corresponds to a respective method step or a feature of a methodstep. Analogously, aspects described in the context of a method stepalso represent a description of a corresponding block or detail orfeature of a corresponding apparatus. Some or all of the method stepsmay be performed by a hardware apparatus (or using a hardwareapparatus), such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer or anelectronic circuit. In some embodiments, some or several of the mostimportant method steps may be performed by such an apparatus.

Depending on certain implementation requirements, embodiments of theinvention can be implemented in hardware or in software. Theimplementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, forexample a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-Ray disc, a CD, an ROM, a PROM, anEPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, a hard drive or another magnetic oroptical memory having electronically readable control signals storedthereon, which cooperate or are capable of cooperating with aprogrammable computer system such that the respective method isperformed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computerreadable.

Some embodiments according to the invention include a data carriercomprising electronically readable control signals, which are capable ofcooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of themethods described herein is performed.

Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as acomputer program product with a program code, the program code beingoperative for performing one of the methods when the computer programproduct runs on a computer.

The program code may, for example, be stored on a machine readablecarrier.

Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein, wherein the computer program is stored ona machine readable carrier. In other words, an embodiment of theinventive method is, therefore, a computer program comprising a programcode for performing one of the methods described herein, when thecomputer program runs on a computer.

A further embodiment of the inventive methods is, therefore, a datacarrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium)comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein.

A further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a datastream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program forperforming one of the methods described herein. The data stream or thesequence of signals may, for example, be configured to be transferredvia a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.

A further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example acomputer, or a programmable logic device, configured to or adapted toperform one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon thecomputer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment in accordance with the invention includes anapparatus or a system configured to transmit a computer program forperforming at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver.The transmission may be electronic or optical, for example. The receivermay be a computer, a mobile device, a memory device or a similar device,for example. The apparatus or the system may include a file server fortransmitting the computer program to the receiver, for example.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example a fieldprogrammable gate array, FPGA) may be used to perform some or all of thefunctionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, afield programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor inorder to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, themethods are performed by any hardware apparatus. This can be auniversally applicable hardware, such as a computer processor (CPU) orhardware specific for the method, such as ASIC.

While this invention has been described in terms of several advantageousembodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents whichfall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted thatthere are many alternative ways of implementing the methods andcompositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that thefollowing appended claims be interpreted as including all suchalterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the present invention.

1. Apparatus for mobile application, comprising a frequency spectrumgenerator for generating a frequency spectrum of radio waves existing ata current position of the apparatus and a classifier for classifying thefrequency spectrum such that the frequency spectrum is assigned to oneof at least two classes.
 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein theapparatus is configured to estimate the current position and/or the typeof environment based on the frequency spectrum generated by evaluatingexisting radio services and/or interferences.
 3. Apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein one class represents a position.
 4. Apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further configured to use theinformation concerning the current position and/or the type ofenvironment to place at least one component in a mobile device into aselected operating state according to the needs and/or depending on theenvironment.
 5. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the frequencyspectrum generator is configured to generate frequency spectra in afrequency band between 30 kHz and 30 GHz, advantageously between 30 MHzand 30 GHz, more advantageously between 30 MHz and 5 GHz and mostadvantageously between 80 MHz and 1 GHz.
 6. Apparatus according to claim1, wherein the frequency spectrum generator is configured as a radioreceiver with a tunable local oscillator or as a radio receiver with atunable receiver oscillating circuit.
 7. Apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the frequency spectrum generator is configured to detect thefrequency spectrum intermittently.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the frequency spectrum generator is configured to seriallysample the frequency spectrum at discrete frequencies of a frequencyraster.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the order of samplingthe discrete frequencies varies between a first and a second samplingprocess.
 10. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the order ofsampling the discrete frequencies is selected arbitrarily.
 11. Apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the classifier performs classificationbased on signal levels of the frequencies within the frequency spectrum.12. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the classifier performsclassification based on the temporal variation of the frequencies withinthe frequency spectrum.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein theapparatus comprises a preselection of at least one previously classifiedfrequency spectrum.
 14. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein theapparatus is configured to compare a frequency spectrum generated at aposition of the apparatus to the at least one previously classifiedfrequency spectrum.
 15. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a classdetermined by the classifier represents a position of the apparatus andthe apparatus comprises an interface for indicating this position. 16.Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a userinterface that is configured to indicate a frequency spectrum generatedat a position of the apparatus to a user.
 17. Apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a user interface that isconfigured to classify a frequency spectrum based on an input of a user.18. Apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a calculator forcalculating a velocity of movement of the apparatus based on a strengthof a frequency spectrum of at least one existing frequency at successivedetection times.
 19. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein theapparatus comprises an interface, in particular a wireless interface forconnecting and communicating with an external device.
 20. Apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises an interface forconnecting and communicating with a mobile device comprising at leastone component operable in a first and in a second operating state,wherein the apparatus is configured to control the mobile device suchthat the at least one component is operated selectively in the first orin the second operating state depending on the assigned class. 21.Apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the at least one component isan energy-using member with a higher energy consumption in the firstoperating state than in the second operating state.
 22. Apparatusaccording to claim 21, wherein the energy-using member is deactivated inthe second operating state.
 23. Apparatus according to claim 20, whereinthe at least one component is a service providing a function of themobile device and the service is active in the first operating state andinactive in the second operating state.
 24. Apparatus according to claim20, wherein the mobile device is a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tabletor a notebook.
 25. Mobile device comprising an apparatus according toclaim
 1. 26. System with a tag, comprising a frequency spectrumgenerator for generating a frequency spectrum of radio waves existing ata current position of the tag, a memory for storing the frequencyspectrum at different generation times and a tag reader for reading outthe memory of the tag and deriving position information of the tag at atime at or between the generation times.
 27. Method for operating anapparatus for mobile application, the method comprising: generating afrequency spectrum of radio waves existing at a current position of theapparatus, classifying the frequency spectrum such that the frequencyspectrum is assigned to one of at least two classes.
 28. Methodaccording to claim 27, wherein the method comprises: estimating thecurrent position and/or the type of environment based on the frequencyspectrum generated by evaluating existing radio services and/orinterferences.
 29. Method according to claim 27, wherein a classrepresents a position.
 30. Method according to claim 27, wherein themethod comprises: placing at least one component in a mobile device intoa selected operation state according to the needs and/or depending onthe environment.
 31. A non-transitory digital storage medium having acomputer program stored thereon to perform the method for operating anapparatus for mobile application, the method comprising: generating afrequency spectrum of radio waves existing at a current position of theapparatus, classifying the frequency spectrum such that the frequencyspectrum is assigned to one of at least two classes, when said computerprogram is run by a computer.